البياض الزغبي في العنب – دراسة مرجعية

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المؤلفون

قسم أمراض النبات - کلية الزراعة – جامعة عين شمس

المستخلص

يُزرع العنب   (Vitis spp.)في جميع أنحاء العالم ، وتعتبر زراعة الکروم واحدة من الصناعات البستانية الرئيسية في العالم. يعتبر مرض البياض الزغبى واحد من أخطر الأمراض لجميع أصناف العنب الأوروبى Vitis vinifera والعديد من أصناف الهجن البينية لجنس Vitis. وهذا المرض مدمر لکرمات العنب في جميع مناطق زراعة العنب في العالم حيثما تهطل الأمطار في الربيع والصيف عند درجات حرارة أعلى من 11 درجة مئوية. ويمکن للبياض الزغبى أن يدمر بسهولة من 50 إلى 75٪ من المحصول في موسم واحد عندما يکون الطقس مناسبًا ولا يتم توفير حماية مناسبة ضد المرض . تم جمع المسبب المرضى ، Plasmopara viticola ، ودراسته لأول مرة في شمال شرق الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية في عام 1834. وهو کائن بيضى Oomycete متباين الجسد (الثالوس) يتطلب نوعين من الميسليوم P1 و P2 لحدوث التکاثر الجنسى، إجبارى التطفل ، وخيوطه الميسليومية غير مقسمة. يحدث تکاثره اللاجنسي عن طريق تکوين الأکياس الاسبورانجية التي تخرج من خلال ثغور وعديسات الأنسجة المصابة. الأکياس الاسبورانجية ينطلق منها جراثيم هدبية سابحة يمکنها أن تخترق الأنسجة السليمة عبر الثغور. وعندما تصل الأوراق إلى مرحلة الشيخوخة يحدث التکاثر الجنسي من خلال اندماج الجاميطات المذکرة بالجاميطات المؤنثة داخل أنسجة العائل. ينتج عن التکاثر الجنسي الجراثيم البيضية، وهي الطور الساکن والذى يحافظ على بقاء الممرض على قيد الحياة. يعتبر شمال شرق أمريکا هو الموطن الأصلي للممرض P. viticola ، وأدت الممارسات الزراعية الخاطئة إلى انتشار کارثي للممرض فقد انتشر إلى أوروبا وبلدان أخرى مختلفة على عقل العنب الأمريکي المستوردة لاستخدامها کأصول جذرية مقاومة لحشرة من الفللوکسرا.  تستعرض وتوضح هذه المقالة المرجعية المعارف الحالية والتاريخية لأصل المرض وأعراضه ووسائل انتشاره  بالإضافة إلى دورة المرض ووبائيته. کما أن المعارف الحالية والتاريخية لإدارة وسائل السيطرة على المرض التى تشتمل على الممارسات الزراعية والمقاومة الوراثية والمکافحة الکيميائية بالتفصيل قد نوقشت.

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